托福閱讀考什麼?3分鐘快速掌握TOEFL考試高分技巧!托福閱讀是TOEFL iBT測驗第一部份,考生若能展現穩健表現,往往能夠自信邁向接下來的考試,為隨後三項測驗奠定穩固基礎。然而,若在閱讀過程中受困於複雜的長句結構,或是字彙量不足導致無法完整閱讀文章或誤判文意,很可能會影響接下來的考試表現。究竟如何有效備戰,迎戰托福閱讀測驗呢?接下來,我們將透過12個問題,深入探討這個議題。
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托福閱讀準備寶典,一戰TOEFL托福考試就上手
托福閱讀測驗文章內容
九大類內容
根據歷年考題,托福閱讀文章內容可分為以下
(1) History 歷史
歷史上著名的事件常重複出題,如工業革命、美國獨有的殖民農業、中世紀歐洲的經濟貿易、歐洲人口變化等事件。除此之外,也會考其他近代和社會情況的觀察,如美國石油企業如何併購同業公司,以及美國戰後為了促進的景氣回春而實施的計畫。
(2) Animals 動物(包括動物學、生物學等)
生物學一直都是必考主題,從蝴蝶、蜘蛛等昆蟲類,到鳥類、犬科動物、野牛、北極熊等動物,再到植物類,如穀物、豆科植物、耐鹽植物,及生物界的變態及演替現象等,都在出題範圍內。
(3) Environment 環境(包括地質學、氣象學等)
地質學可以多關注板塊活動及特殊地形,如火山、沙漠、窪地,氣象學可加強冰川及大氣的組成要素的題型。此外,氣象學的題目較易重複,準備氣象學考科時可多回顧考古題。
(4) Social Sciences 社會(包括心理學、教育學等)
人類學是第二熱門的高頻主題,可出題範圍也很廣,且主題不侷限於單一種類,除了古文明系列,如古希臘、邁錫尼文明、馬雅文明等,還包括人類文化或社會的發展類別,如非洲的冶鐵過程、公園的起源、中南美洲河水氾濫與農業等。
(5) Ecology 生態(包括生態學、植物學等)
出題範圍涵蓋植物學,如穀物、豆科植物、耐鹽植物,及生物界的變態及演替現象等。
(6) Business 商業(包括經濟學、行銷學等)
說明自西羅馬帝國以來的歐洲經濟形勢。
(7) Astronomy 天文
天文學可多練習太陽系的組成與歷史、彗星的介紹、各星球的特性等題目。
(8) Arts 藝術(包括藝術史、文學、電影等)
從劇場藝術、現場演出的特徵,到藝術流派的介紹,都屬於出題範圍內。
(9) Archaeology 考古(包括考古學、古生物學等)
考古學以古生物為最熱門考題,尤其是恐龍研究、史前時代的猛獁象滅絕、生命的由來和物種滅絕,都是常出現的主題。
最常出現的五大主題
以出現在TPO(使用托福iBT官方全真試題組成的線上模擬測驗)統計,最常出現在托福閱讀的五大主題,依序是:動物、環境、藝術、社會、歷史。
托福閱讀測驗難易度
托福閱讀測驗考題,是仿大學教科書課本節錄內容,主題都是學術課程題材,而且通常是入門介紹,難度相當於美國9到10年級(相當於台灣國三到高一)。有些考生會認為單字略為艱澀,尤其是遇到科學相關的文章更是如此,但不用擔心不熟悉特定領域知識,因為需要答題的資訊,都會出現在閱讀文章中。
托福閱讀測驗文章架構
架構
托福閱讀測驗和一般作文類似,都會呈現「起承轉合」的架構。
範例
以一篇介紹月球起源與歷史的文章為例,起承轉合會如以下敘述呈現:
起(即引言):作者在文章開頭說明月球起源仍有很多未知之處,而後並介紹一種廣為接受的假設,認為月球形成的時間,與地球和其他行星的時間平行。換言之,月球是由早期太陽周圍的碟型結構(太陽星雲)中的微小岩石碎片和氣體形成。
承(解釋和擴展):而後,作者介紹另一種新的假設。這種假設得到很多科學家支持,而這種假設認為,月球是因為一個巨大的物體與地球碰撞而產生,此說法為月球形成提供合理的解釋,但在被視為可行前,仍有許多問題待解。
轉(進一步分析):即便月球起源仍存在爭議,但行星地質學家已經能透過各種方法(包括火山口密度變化等)找出月球歷史的基本細節。對此,作者詳細介紹月球早期歷史的重要事件,如月球形成、原始月球外殼的冷卻和結晶、原始月球地殼的岩石組成、月球表面的持續轟炸等。
合(結論與展望):作者最後描述月球表面最後形成的顯著特徵,像是帶有輻射的火山口。而且即便是相對年輕的火山口,也得經過數百萬年歷史才能形成。如果它形成的地點是地球,可能早就會被侵蝕、摧毀。
托福閱讀測驗題型
每篇文章會有10個子題,可能包含7到8種題型。以下列舉托福閱讀測驗的十大題型:
字彙/片語題(Vocabulary Questions)
要選出和文中某個字相同字義的字彙或片語。
The word “pose” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
- claim
- model
- assume
- present
修辭題(Rhetorical Questions)
某些資訊出現在文中的目的為何:
In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
- To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record.
- To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.
- To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
- To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster.
推論題(Inference Questions)
根據文章內容推論答案。
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the location of the meteorite impact in Mexico?
- The location of the impact site in Mexico was kept secret by geologists from 1980 to 1990.
- It was a well-known fact that the impact had occurred in the Yucatán region.
- Geologists knew that there had been an impact before they knew where ithad occurred.
- The Yucatán region was chosen by geologists as the most probable impactsite because of its climate.
事實訊息題(Factual Information Questions)
選出特定的事實、細節或定義。
According to paragraph 3, how did scientists determine that a large meteorite had impacted Earth?
- They discovered a large crater in the Yucatán region of Mexico.
- They found a unique layer of sediment worldwide.
- They were alerted by archaeologists who had been excavating in theYucatán region.
- They located a meteorite with a mass of over a trillion tons.
挑錯題(Negative Factual Information Questions)
選出錯誤的選項。
According to paragraph 4, all of the following statements are true of the impact at the end of the Cretaceous period EXCEPT:
- A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth.
- Earth became cold and dark for several months.
- New elements were formed in Earth’s crust.
- Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.
文句簡化題(Sentence Simplification Questions)
選出最能代表某一段話大意的選項,需特別注意,錯誤選項可能是意思錯誤,或遺漏掉重要訊息。
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the following sentence?
Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago.
- Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.
- In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased.
- Since most violent events on Earth occur randomly, nobody can predict when or where they will happen.
- A few decades ago, Earth became the target of random violent events originating in outer space.
文句插入題(Insert Text Questions)
思考題幹的一句話,可以插入在一段文句的何處。
Look at the four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage in paragraph 6.
This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. (A) According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. (B) Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biological evolution. (C) The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. (D) Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.
Choose the place where the sentence fits best.
- Option A
- Option B
- Option C
- Option D
文章概要題(Prose Summary Questions)
複選題,選擇每個段落的摘要。
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Write your answer choices in the spaces
where they belong. You can write in the number of the answer choice or the whole sentence.
Scientists have linked the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous with a meteorite impact on Earth. |
● |
● |
● |
Answer choices
- Scientists had believed for centuries that meteorite activity influenced evolution on Earth.
- The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990.
- There have also been large meteorite impacts on the surface of the Moon, leaving craters like Tycho.
- An iridium-enriched sediment layer and a large impact crater in the Yucatán provide evidence that a large meteorite struck Earth about 65 million years ago.
- Large meteorite impacts, such as one at the end of the Cretaceous period, can seriously affect climate, ecological niches, plants, and animals.
- Meteorite impacts can be advantageous for some species, which thrive, and disastrous for other species, which become extinct.
指代題(Reference Questions)
選出這個代名詞代表什麼。
The word “it” on line 5 refers to?
- Impact
- Dinosaur
- Evidence
- Size
配對填表題(Fill Table Questions)
把對的選項配對到格子裡。
Directions: Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes, and two are used to illustrate destructive process. Complete the table by matching appropriate answer choices to the processes they are used to illustrate.
Constructive Processes | Destructive Processes |
● ● ● | ● ● ● |
Answer choices
- Scientists had believed for centuries that meteorite activity influenced evolution on Earth.
- The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990.
- There have also been large meteorite impacts on the surface of the Moon, leaving craters like Tycho.
- An iridium-enriched sediment layer and a large impact crater in the Yucatán provide evidence that a large meteorite struck Earth about 65 million years ago.
- Large meteorite impacts, such as one at the end of the Cretaceous period, can seriously affect climate, ecological niches, plants, and animals.
- Meteorite impacts can be advantageous for some species, which thrive, and disastrous for other species, which become extinct.
托福閱讀測驗作答時間
舊制托福閱讀測驗有3篇文章,30道子題,作答時間54分鐘,平均每道子題只分配到1分48秒。新制托福閱讀測驗則有2篇文章,20道子題,作答時間37分鐘,平均每道子題分配到1分51秒。
在這些有限時間內,要完成所有問題,難度確實不低,但請務必記住,有些子題需要花更多時間。例如:字彙片語題相當直觀,你可能可以直接看出該字彙片語答案,不然就是完全沒看過,又無法從文章中看出線索,建議不要花超過1分鐘思考這類題型。其他如事實訊息題、指代題也是一樣。
另一方面,有些題型會要求考生仔細檢查整個段落以找到答案,例如文句插入題、挑錯題,必須為這些問題留下額外時間思考作答。
托福閱讀測驗準備攻略
有四個讓你更有效率準備托福閱讀測驗的方法:
專注,學術閱讀
托福閱讀測驗內容主要來自學術課程入門題材。因此,閱讀理解社會、自然環境、藝術的學術文章,確實能幫助你在托福閱讀測驗時更快進入狀況。不管是學術期刊、學術書籍、網路上的學術資源上的文章,都有助於你認識該主題,了解各學科立論方式,對閱讀測驗奪取高分非常有幫助。
培養,閱讀習慣
不管是新制或舊制托福,閱讀測驗每個子題作答時間都不到2分鐘。在如此時間限制下,一定得有效率閱讀和理解文章。整理小秘訣如下:
Scan瀏覽、掃描
當題目問到某個細節時,要能快速找到關鍵字,並讀懂句子和上下文意思。
Skim略讀
當題目問到某段大意時,必須快速瀏覽該段並了解其大意,通常會跳過細節(如修飾語、地方、時間),只讀句子主題+動詞+受詞,理解句子間關係、上下文組成邏輯和前因後果。
文章中有些地方一定要細讀
例如:段落的第一句和最後一句,通常是主題句,也是重點。還有轉折詞(but / however / yet / nevertheless / indeed / actually / practically / virtually / conversely / on the other hand / in fact)要特別注意,因為這些轉折詞一出現,往往後面就是重點或答案指標。
另外,像是比較關係的句子(like / unlike / different / from等詞彙)、因果關係的句子(because / reason / since / therefore / thus / as a result / eventually / consequently等詞彙)出現時,也要特別留神,因為後面常常就是重點或答案指標。
還有,文章中的結構常是「概述+例子」,用舉例證明前面提過的觀點,此時要關注的重點是「概述」,也就是 for example / for instance / such as 舉例前面的觀點和論述必須精讀,舉例的部份若時間不夠,可以暫時忽略不讀。
擴展,字彙知識
理解學術文章,需要有一定的字彙量。如果字彙量不足,很有可能影響對文章的理解,也會拖慢閱讀速度。你可以從學術文章或托福字彙書籍中學習新字彙,並學會從上下文推敲文意、學習相關字首、字根。如此一來,就算在考試中碰到陌生單字,也不致慌張,而能透過相同方式判斷出字義。
練習,不斷練習
練習是最好的老師,越是練習閱讀、理解和回答類似托福閱讀測驗的文章與問題,你的閱讀技巧就越會提升,表現也會更好。最好是使用真實的托福練習題,或是全真模擬測驗來練習,有助於讓你熟悉正式考試的格式與時間壓力。
托福閱讀測驗學習資源
托福閱讀測驗最好的學習管道有三個:
托福官方資源
ETS(Educational Testing Service,美國教育考試服務中心)釋出許多托福官方資源,包括官方指南、練習題、模擬測驗,還有有關考試準備的提示和策略。相較於其他資源,這些由ETS釋出的官方資源最能反映真實考試的題型和難度。
學術期刊和網站
持續閱讀來自各種學術領域的文章,不只可以增強你的閱讀技巧,也能擴展你的詞彙量。網路上有不少免費的學術期刊平台,例如Google Scholar、JSTOR。此外,如BBC、National Geographic、Scientific American等媒體網站,也是獲取高品質文章練兵的好地方。
托福線上課程
有很多優質的托福線上課程,如Udemy、Coursera、Atlas101等。這些課程可幫助你理解測驗架構,並提供你策略、技巧回答相關問題,甚至連字彙、文法也一併強化。不過,Udemy、Coursera上面的托福課程多半是全英文授課,如果你是托福初學者,需要中文、雙語教學,可以考慮使用Atlas101導航式英語學習平台。
托福閱讀測驗自學準備方法
要自學準備托福閱讀測驗,至少要注意六件事:
可從托福官方資源開始準備
托福官方網站提供很多免費或付費學習資源,包括免費的托福iBT試題,裡面有實際的測驗試題可供練習。另外舉辦托福的ETS(Educational Testing Service,美國教育考試服務中心)也有出版《托福官方指南》付費書籍,包括全套試題和解答。
書籍也可找到策略和應試秘訣
不少知名出版社也會針對托福出版專書,像是卡普蘭出版社(Kaplan)出的TOEFL iBT Prep Plus系列書,以及普林斯頓評論出版社(Princeton Review)出的Cracking the TOEFL iBT系列書。這些書不只提供模擬試題練習,也包括閱讀測驗、應試秘訣提示等。
線上討論區與其他考生互動
很多考生會在線上討論區詢問托福準備方式,或是分享過程中的甘苦談,例如 Reddit TOEFL社群,可以和其他考生互動,並分享學習資源與策略。
搭配字彙學習應用程式背單字
擁有足夠的字彙量,是提升托福閱讀測驗應答效率的方法之一。透過 Quizlet、Anki、魔字世界等字彙學習應用程式,可以幫助你擴大英語詞彙庫。
使用英語閱讀資源練兵
閱讀英文報紙、雜誌、學術期刊、網站,不只可以提高閱讀能力,也有助於熟悉托福閱讀可能出現的各種主題,正式考試時也更不會慌張。
建立正確的心態
但請特別注意,光是找到上述資源還不夠,一定要定期練習,也要有評估機制確認是否真正進步,據以擬定學習計劃,確保有足夠時間準備,並在正式考試前,進行全真模擬考試,以便熟悉真正考試的時間壓力和體驗。
準備托福閱讀測驗必備高效學習工具之一
線上學習平台Atlas 101課程推薦
除了時常練習,也需要有系統支撐高效率學習,才不致中途鬆懈。菁英補習班累積過去近30年學習和研發能量,推出台灣第一個針對TOEFL iBT所設計的線上學習平台,讓考生只要打開,隨時隨地都能沉浸在托福考試的備戰狀態中,踏上高分之路。
英語學習聽、說、讀、寫,若以傳播模式來分,屬於「輸入」的能力是聽和讀,屬於「輸出」的能力則是說和寫。Atlas101採用「先輸入再輸出」的模式。如果用蓋房子來比喻,單字是磚塊,聽力是準繩,句型和語法就是水泥。唯有掌握好這些基礎功夫,才能在口說、寫作上有好的運用,帶動整體學習效率。
換言之,Atlas101透過大量有效的聽力、閱讀練習打底,再把比較需要面對面處理的口說、寫作由真人老師接手。學習預算不變,卻能打下更深厚的學習底蘊,達到事半功倍的效果。
此外,Atlas101也是用「發現式學習法」,結合AI技術,由系統導航帶領客製化學習,每天分配課程,讓學生維持學習動能。並且先測驗再學習,透過「從做中學」的方式,增加學生的專注度,並確保學生得以釐清盲點。而所有的學習、測驗數據都會保留在系統中,可供鑑往知來參考。
相較之下,目前坊間線上學習平台,大多比較像是Uber叫車平台,媒合來的司機就像是教師,有時未必能符合自己的使用習慣,需要一段時間磨合才能有默契。而Atlas101就像坐上自駕車,根據學生需求設定好學習目標後,透過有效學習設計,讓Atlas101帶著學生抵達目的地。
同時,Atlas101也加入隨身陪讀助教,不只掌握學生學習進度,更能適時給予協助,形同為科技系統注入關懷的溫度,讓學生在駕駛英語學習這輛自駕車時,能更加得心應手。
準備托福閱讀測驗必備高效學習工具之二
英語文法魚骨拆解術線上課程
和多益考試句子相比,托福考試的句子長度字數多了30%以上,結構層次也比多益要複雜得多。因此考生必須要有扎實的文法框架知識打基礎,才能在最短時間內讀懂長難句。
如下面這個34個字的長難句,至少要在5秒內迅速掌握句意,才有實力在托福閱讀測驗得到高分。
While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the fields surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.
如果要完全理解這個長難句,必須在腦中先以文法框架拆解句子如下,就能把句子真正看懂。
While / population estimates / are / notoriously unreliable,/ scholars assume / that / Uruk inhabitants / were / able / to support themselves / from the agricultural / production / of the fields / surrounding the city, which could be reached / with a daily commute.
多數台灣人雖然從小就學英文文法,但是多數人卻無法靈活應用。例如,學生看到文法書上寫「修飾動詞的副詞片語」時,卻無法判斷句子內的某一個片語是否是副詞片語。
美國語言學家里德(Alonzo Reed)、凱洛格(Brainerd Kellogg)提出「句型圖解」Sentence Diagramming概念,藉由畫出文句組成的關係圖,判別學生是否懂得句中應用的文法,並看清楚句子的整體樣貌,了解每個片語、子句在文句裡面扮演的角色,在閱讀長句、複雜句時,也得以拆解句子,審視自己的理解狀況。
菁英團隊與致力提升學習效率教學法,與英語教學專業的尤菊芳博士合作,耗費兩年研發,並在2022年10月推出53單元、全台首創「英語文法魚骨拆解術」全線上文法課程,只要有國中程度就能上這門課,自覺遇到學習瓶頸的中、上程度學習者,若想再更上一層樓,也可透過這套系統精進。
英語文法魚骨拆解術採用電腦操作、全彩化設計,學生只要動一下滑鼠,拉一拉各色線條,就能精準分析句子各種元素。透過組合拼圖的過程,學生一方面不知不覺將關鍵文法知識內化、改變閱讀習慣,還能把過去不懂、較為艱澀的語法名詞觀念弄清楚。
共有53單元的英語文法魚骨拆解術,採「累加式」設計,每一個新單元都蘊含前一單元的精華,必須確保把前一單元觀念融會貫通、基礎打好後,才能往新單元前進,可說是從學習者出發的教材,邊學習邊複習,進入後面課程的同時,也已經反覆多次複習前面所學過的內容。
如上面提到的34個字的長難句,用英語魚骨文法拆解術分析後,形成以下每一個環節都清楚理解的結構和樣貌,讓考生得以精準掌握句意,不致錯誤判斷。
準備托福閱讀測驗必備高效學習工具之三
線上學習APP魔字世界Vocawiz
托福閱讀測驗考題,主題都是學術課程題材,風格近似於大學教科書節錄內容。以下選擇三個托福常見主題,各列舉10個高頻率學術英文單詞、詞性與中文解釋:
動物學
ecosystem (n.) – 生態系統
The deforestation has a damaging effect on the entire ecosystem.
森林砍伐對整個生態系統有破壞性的影響。
species (n.) – 物種
Many species of birds migrate south for the winter.
許多鳥類物種為了過冬會向南遷徙。
habitat (n.) – 棲息地
The polar bear’s habitat is threatened by global warming.
極地熊的棲息地受到全球暖化的威脅。
predator (n.) – 捕食者
The lion, as a predator, is at the top of the food chain.
獅子作為捕食者,位於食物鏈的頂端。
prey (n.) – 獵物
The eagle swooped down on its prey.
鷹向獵物猛撲下去。
biodiversity (n.) – 生物多樣性
The Amazon rainforest is known for its rich biodiversity.
亞馬遜雨林以其豐富的生物多樣性而聞名。
adaptation (n.) – 適應
The adaptation of desert plants to scarce water supply is truly amazing.
沙漠植物對稀缺水源的適應真是令人驚嘆。
migration (n.) – 遷徙
The annual migration of monarch butterflies is a spectacular sight.
帝王蝶一年一度的遷徙是一道壯觀的景象。
reproduction (n.) – 繁殖
Some species of fish have unique reproduction strategies to ensure their survival.
一些魚類物種具有獨特的繁殖策略以確保其生存。
conservation (n.) – 保護、保育
Conservation efforts have helped to save many endangered species from extinction.
保育的努力已經幫助許多瀕臨絕種的物種免於滅絕。
地質學
sediment (n.) – 沉積物
River sediment contains important information about the geological history of a region.
河流的沉積物包含有關地區地質歷史的重要信息。
erosion (n.) – 侵蝕
Soil erosion is a serious problem in areas of deforestation.
在森林砍伐區,土壤侵蝕是一個嚴重的問題。
fault (n.) – 斷層
The San Andreas Fault is one of the most famous fault lines in the world.
聖安德烈斯斷層是世界上最著名的斷層之一。
plate tectonics (n.) – 板塊構造
The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of Earth’s crust.
板塊構造理論解釋了地球地殼的運動。
igneous (adj.) – 火成的
Granite is a type of igneous rock that forms from cooled magma.
花崗岩是一種火成岩,由冷卻的岩漿形成。
sedimentary (adj.) – 沉積的
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock commonly found in desert areas.
砂岩是一種常見於沙漠地區的沉積岩。
metamorphic (adj.) – 變質的
Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure.
大理石是一種變質岩,當石灰岩受到熱和壓力時形成。
fossil (n.) – 化石
Fossils provide valuable insights into the life forms that existed millions of years ago.
化石為我們提供了有價值的洞見,讓我們了解數百萬年前的生命形式。
volcano (n.) – 火山
The eruption of a volcano can have devastating effects on the surrounding area.
火山爆發可以對周圍地區產生破壞性影響。
glacier (n.) – 冰川
The retreat of glaciers worldwide is a clear indicator of global warming.
全球冰川的後退是全球暖化的明確指標。
藝術
aesthetic (adj.) – 美學的
The aesthetic appeal of the painting lies in its vibrant colors and emotional intensity.
這幅畫的美學吸引力在於其鮮豔的色彩和情感強度。
genre (n.) – 類型,風格
Portraits and landscapes are two popular genres in painting.
肖像和風景是繪畫中兩種受歡迎的類型。
perspective (n.) – 透視法、觀點
The artist uses perspective to create the illusion of depth in the painting.
藝術家利用透視法在畫中創造出深度的錯覺。
composition (n.) – 構圖
The composition of a photograph can greatly affect its impact on the viewer.
照片的構圖可以極大地影響其對觀眾的影響。
medium (n.) – 媒介、材料
Oil paint is a popular medium for its rich texture and flexibility.
油畫是一種受歡迎的媒介,因其豐富的質地和靈活性。
sculpture (n.) – 雕塑
This ancient Greek sculpture is renowned for its realistic depiction of the human form.
這件古希臘雕塑以其對人體形態的真實描繪而聞名。
fresco (n.) – 壁畫
The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo, is one of the most famous frescoes in the world.
由米開朗基羅繪製的西斯廷禮拜堂天花板是世界上最著名的壁畫之一。
renaissance (n.) – 文藝復興
During the Renaissance, there was a renewed interest in the classical knowledge of Greece and Rome.
在文藝復興時期,人們對古希臘和羅馬的古典知識重新產生了興趣。
abstract (adj.) – 抽象的
Abstract art departs from traditional representation of physical objects.
抽象藝術脫離了對物理對象的傳統呈現。
patron (n.) – 贊助人,保護人
During the Middle Ages, the church was a major patron of the arts.
在中世紀,教會是藝術的主要贊助人。
記憶高頻率單字,絕對不能只用眼睛看,因為不只效果不彰,而且在面對聽力、口說時,背誦的單字對不上,又得回頭去練習口說和聽力,導致學習陷入混亂。瞄準考生這些痛點,菁英和研發無敵電子辭典的無敵科技股份有限公司合作,取得優質學習內容,開發出「魔字世界」線上自學平台。
「魔字世界」導入大數據,精選在各大考試中最常出現的9000個高頻率單字,依照使用頻率和難易度分成60個等級。使用者可依照自身單字量選擇適合的頻率開始。這些單字搭配真人發音,聽了以後會在學生的大腦停留,幫助學生用音節來記誦單字,加上遊戲畫面輔助,有系統刺激不同感官,讓使用者有效掌握字族,一次就能記憶一串單字,像提起一整串粽子一樣。
此外,魔字世界還用螺旋式學習設計,學生在使用前可以先做單字前測,分析目前單字程度,並確立學習目標,並擬定學習計劃。透過間歇測驗、競賽等活動,達到間隔式複習效果,使長期記憶更加永遠銘記於心。這些學習功能,更搭配菁英特別設計的遊戲介面,讓學生在現實世界也能如在魔字世界中對抗黑魔法般,成功攻克各大英語檢定、留學考試,而且不會有越級打怪的挫敗感。
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